The Best AP Environmental Science Review Guide

The Best AP Environmental Science Review Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Realizing how to audit for an AP test can be testing, and, in light of normal test scores, apparently numerous understudies who take AP Environmental Science don’t satisfactorily get ready for the test. Luckily, if you’re not certain where to begin, this guide will walk you through the total of AP Environmental Science audit process.I’ll begin by going once again the organization of the test and what it’ll spread, including test questions, and afterward I’ll proceed onward to the particular survey systems and plan you ought to follow so as to be set up for the test. What's the Format of the AP Environmental Science Exam? The AP Environmental Science Exam is three hours in length and separated into two areas, different decision and free-reaction. Various Choice Section 100 inquiries an hour and a half Worth 60% of your score Questions will be both independent and as a feature of sets You gain one point for each right answer, and no focuses are taken off for off base answers (so you should address each address!) No number cruncher permitted Free-Response Section Four inquiries 1 Document-Based inquiry 1 Data Set inquiry 2 Synthesis and Evaluation questions an hour and a half Worth 40% of your score (each question is weighted similarly) No mini-computer permitted What Does the AP Environmental Science Exam Cover? Before we get into the low down of APESreview, it’ll help to extensively go over what the test spreads to help put everything into context.Environmental science is a multi-disciplinary theme, and it covers ideas from science, history, recent developments, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The test will address numerous territories, yet there are six fundamental topics it looks to concentrate on.Every question you see on the test will relate back to at any rate one of these subjects, so they’re accommodating to remember as you explore your audit procedure. AP Environmental Science Themes Science is a procedure. Vitality changes underlie every single biological procedure. The Earth itself is one interconnected framework. People change normal frameworks. Natural issues have a social and social setting. Human endurance relies upon creating rehearses that will accomplish maintainable frameworks. The AP Environmental Science test additionally has seven significant points which make up the substance the course and test center on.These significant subjects are more explicit than the above topics, and realizing them helps give you a superior thought of what will be secured on the test. Every one of the points will make up around 10-15% of the inquiries on the various decision area, aside from contamination which will settle on up 25-30% of numerous decision questions.Each significant theme encapsulates different littler subjects. In light of a legitimate concern for length, I incorporated a determination of these for each significant point. On the off chance that you’d like to see the whole rundown, look at the AP Environmental Science Course Description, starting on page six. AP Environmental ScienceMajorTopics Earth Systems and Resources Subjects include: Geology, the climate, water assets, and soil science The Living World Subjects include: Ecosystems, vitality stream, biogeochemical cycles Populace Subjects include:Population nature, regenerative methodologies, survivorship Land and Water Use Subjects include:Agriculture, ranger service, mining, angling, worldwide financial aspects Vitality Resources and Consumption Subjects include:Different kinds of vitality (petroleum products, atomic, hydroelectric, and so forth.), vitality utilization, and sustainable power source Contamination Subjects include: Types of contamination, monetary effects of contamination, how contamination influences natural and human wellbeing Worldwide Change Subjects include: Global warming, loss of biodiversity, changes to the ozone layer What Do Questions Resemble on the AP Enviro Exam? As referenced above, there are two areas on the AP Environmental Science test: various decision and free response.Official test issues from the two segments are demonstrated as follows. Various Choice Sample Question To respond to this numerous decision question, you’d need to know major natural debacles and what caused them.Each of the appropriate response decisions is where an ecological fiasco happened, however just one of them was caused due to discarding harmful synthetic concoctions underground. The right answer is decision C. Other numerous decision questions may allude to a diagram, require basic figurings, or potentially be a piece of a lot of related inquiries. The College Board doesn’t settle on numerous instances of different decision addresses accessible, however for an example of inquiries, look at the Course Descriptionfor AP Enviro.Later in this guide, I’ll additionally go over where to discover and how to utilize other example issues. Free-Response Sample Questions Informational collection Sample Question There will be one informational collection question on the test. A few information (it might be a table, diagram, or chart) will be introduced, and you’ll be required to address inquiries on it, some of which will incorporate counts. Since you aren’t permitted a number cruncher, the estimations won’t be excessively included and will commonly just require understanding straightforward conditions. Union and Evaluation Sample Question There will be two union and assessment inquiries on the test and, while they may incorporate information you need to take a gander at, you won’t need to do computations so as to respond to questions.Each question can be replied with a couple of expressions or sentences; no free-reaction inquiries on the Environmental Science AP test require total papers. The record based inquiry is like the amalgamation and assessment question in that there are no computations included, and the inquiries can be replied with short expressions or passages, yet the archive based inquiry will have a short portion from a report you’ll need to peruse so as to answer a few pieces of the inquiry. To see total responses to these inquiries and other free-reaction questions, look at our devoted manual for the AP Environmental Science Free-Response Section. Instructions to Review for AP Environmental Science In this segment, I’ll walk you through each progression you should take during your AP Environmental Science survey. Follow these sevensteps, be insightful about your shortcomings and progress, and you’ll be en route to progress! #1: Get Your Review Materials Ready Before you start investigating, you need to ensure you have all the survey materials you’ll need prepared and organized.It’s best to begin this progression around the finish of fall, however regardless of whether you’re juststarting half a month prior to the test, never dread! A long time of devoted considering can be sufficient to assist you with scoring admirably on the AP test. What materials do you need? Numerous individuals think that its accommodating to buy an audit book. In contrast to your course reading, audit books center explicitly around the data you have to know for the AP test, so you’re not swimming through unessential information that you don’t need to stress over for the test.Before getting a survey book, read audits on the web or inquire as to whether they have a book to suggest. All in all, Princeton Review and Barron’s are strong decisions. Don’t disregard your class materials, however! Your notes and reading material can be helpful for inside and out survey of specific subjects you need to look over on.Finally, practice tests are one of the most significant approaches to audit, so you need to ensure you have assembled a lot of them. Look at our guide uniquely on AP Environmental practice tests, or look at these top decisions: There is one finished and authority practice test accessible from the College Board. Barron’s additionally has a great complete practice test. For nothing reaction questions, there are bunches of legitimate models from past AP tests that you should utilize. For numerous decision questions, there’s 17 authority practice addresses you can take a gander at in the Course Description for the class. Varsity Tutors likewise has a 100-question various decision test. #2: Take and Score a Practice Test Your subsequent stage ought to be to take a total practice test under sensible testing conditions (an hour and a half each for various decision and free-reaction, no adding machine, and taken at a time). I’d suggest utilizing the Barron’s practice test or consolidating the Varsity Tutor’s different decision segment with a lot of legitimate free-reaction areas and sparing the full-length official practice test for later on. After you step through the examination, score your test to perceive how well you did. Official practice materials accompany scoring rules, and numerous informal assets are naturally scored, however on the off chance that you need assistance evaluating your score, utilize this score number cruncher. (It’s dependent on 2008 outcomes, so it won’t be totally precise, yet it’ll give you a decent gauge.) #3: Set a Score Target Since you know how well you’re as of now scoring, you can set a score target.Despite its low score midpoints, AP Environmental Science is commonly viewed as one of the less-testing AP tests, so a great many people who can submit some an ideal opportunity to reading should focus on a 4 or a 5.However, in the event that you are scoring a 2 or lower, or you know you won’t have the option to concentrate a lot, you might need to focus on a 3. #4: Analyze Your Mistakes Since you realize what score you’re focusing on and how far you are from it, it’s time to begin breaking down which addresses you got off-base and why.Go through the training test you just took and investigate each question you got off-base. Consider why you missed the point, and search for designs. Did you miss a great deal of the inquiries that included counts? Did you realize worldwide change however got most inquiries on vitality assets wrong? This may appear to be a long and tedious advance, however don’t be enticed to skip it. It�

10 Things to Know about Dating Your College Classmate

10 Things to Know about Dating Your College Classmate 1. You Change Throughout College Regardless of whether it’s the children that come in new out of secondary school or those that hold until some other time in their twenties, four years of undergrad examines changes a person. You’re one way when you show up, and another way when you leave. Consider how much you’ll have learned! All things considered, it makes dating to some degree progressively hard for most understudies. There’s such a great amount of going on. Such huge numbers of cutoff times. Such a significant number of decisions. Commonly an enormous dating pool where everyone’s connecting with somebody. Simply recall that on the off chance that you attach with somebody right off the bat in your green beans year, the relationship must have the option to adjust as you both change as individuals. 2. A wide range of Shades of Gray You’ve got the chance to be exact with regards to school dating. Let’s take a gander at the four most regular sorts or definitions: Seeking: You’re both burrowing on each other and it’s clear to everybody there’s something going on, however it’s not genuine yet. You’re as yet becoming acquainted with both yourselves and one another. Select: It’s official, every other person needs to keep their hands off of both of you. Public activities can without much of a stretch start to endure here, which isn’t fundamentally a good thought in school where you’re expected to get out there and included. Brief: You’re only dating yet there’s no fantasies. When the graduation dates come you’re both heading out in your own direction. It implies you won’t need to manage being single, yet there isn’t a post-school long haul responsibility either. In any case, there are still a few different ways to spare your connections after graduation. Excursion: Also known as the new, sophomore, junior and senior year toss. Better believe it, they can happen each year. Commonly around spring. You’ve been looking at each other the entire year in school or passing by in the corridors or whatever, lastly you’re attaching for the late spring. 3. A Long Term Question In America, the greater part of the women strolling around grounds regular covertly or publically would like to meet their life partner while in school. As you would have speculated, that number will in general be a piece lower with school folks. A large portion of them aren’t thinking a lot more remote ahead than mid-terms, or this coming Friday night. 4. Dating can get Expensive! Tragically, for by far most of understudies out there today, dating isn’t actually a suitable budgetary possibility. Not genuine dating at any rate. Going out get be expensive enough. Whenever the situation allows, continue dating as unassuming as could be expected under the circumstances. 5. Evaluations Could Suffer When individuals start tossing the â€Å"L† word around, things could get confounded. Imagine a scenario in which there’s a pregnancy. In the event that evaluations are a high need, at that point keep it that way and ensure that dating doesn’t cause you to totally redirect from your drawn out objectives. 6. Folks and Girls Are not at the Same Page While most young ladies consider connections committment to the next individual and love, most folks dont make progress toward anything genuine in school and approach connections as fun. This is about not about positive or negative its simply the reality brought about by contrasts in sex brain research. The two young men and young ladies should discover balance between having some good times and genuine duty and talk about their expetations from the connections before bouncing into things too rapidly. 7. Be a Yes Person It’s school. On the off chance that somebody asks you out you gesture and state, â€Å"yes.† Simple. Clearly there are special cases, yet when in doubt you ought to be accepting each and every open door that comes your approach to cause companions, to find out about new individuals and set up school systems of companions. Give individuals a possibility you typically wouldn’t. Keep in mind, after school it’s about who you know. 8. Desires are Poisonous When dating in school it’s best to save the desires at least for the initial not many months. Is it an indulgence? It is safe to say that you are expecting a relationship from somebody who is in a transitional period of their life? It is safe to say that they are anticipating that you should pause and be dedicated while they’re in Europe for a half year without you? It’s best to keep your needs in fix and accept circumstances for what they are. 9. Date Outside Your Major At whatever point potentially attempt to dating somebody in money or showcasing. In the event that you’re in fund or promoting, go for a way of thinking major. I’m joking. However, truly, do whatever it takes not to stall out inside a little air pocket where you never leave your own zone of study. Date somebody from a totally extraordinary major. Blend! Become acquainted with and warm up to individuals in however many various majors as could reasonably be expected. 10. Online College Dating? Is it truly even web based dating on the off chance that you go to a similar school? Hello, nowadays on the off chance that you have issues with going to gatherings or attempting to ask out individuals in your classes, at that point bounce on the web and contact them that way. Now, there’s nothing anomalous about it. â€Å"Hey, aren’t you in my 9am English class?† You can connect with individuals in messaging discussions and Facebook refreshes without getting very close. Generally speaking, dating in school can be dubious for a few, and simple for other people. Make a point to have a great time! Have you at any point dated somebody in your group? What that simple or not? Offer your involvement with the remarks area!

Good Places To Get Help Writing A Paper

Good Places To Get Help Writing A PaperThere are some good places that can help you write a good paper. You need to find the right resources for help writing papers for school or college. The great thing about using these resources is you can get some pretty good help.One great resource for help writing papers is the college newspaper. They often will have a team of writers who are specifically trained to help you. They will also give you advice and help with editing. This means you won't have to do all the work yourself.Another option is to contact your local high school. There are often many different events going on in the school. You can go and speak to the teacher about helping you with writing papers. It is usually free to help out and it will really be a good experience.You can also try to contact your school or your parents for good resources. Your parents could recommend a class for you. The problem with this is most teachers only want to help students who are in their own c lass.You may be able to get some help from your teacher's office. They are able to help you with writing papers, by writing the main points of the paper. This is great because they know what they are talking about.Some people want to hire a tutor to help them with writing papers for school. This is a great idea. You should check to see if the tutors are even allowed to teach classes in your area.One good place for help is with teachers. They can help you with writing papers and they can also give you some of the most important information for writing papers. If you need to look up some points then there are many different websites you can find them on.No matter where you get help with writing papers, make sure you make use of the resources. You want to avoid mistakes with papers and help them be the best they can be. Make sure you practice them, it is a good idea to write out your topic in large print and then read it out loud. Practice makes perfect.

The History of the Computer Keyboard

The history of the modern computer keyboard begins with a direct inheritance from the  invention of the typewriter.  It was Christopher Latham Sholes who, in 1868,  patented the first practical modern typewriter. Soon after, in 1877, the Remington Company began mass marketing the first typewriters. After a series of technological developments, the typewriter gradually evolved into the standard computer keyboard your fingers know so well today. The QWERTY Keyboard There are several legends around the development of the QWERTY keyboard layout, which was patented by Sholes and his partner James Densmore in 1878. The most compelling explanation is that Sholes developed the layout to overcome the physical limitations of mechanical technology at the time. Early typists pressed a key which would, in turn, push a metal hammer that rose up in an arc, striking an inked ribbon to make a mark on a paper before returning to its original position. Separating common pairs of letters minimized the jamming of the mechanism. As machine technology improved, other keyboard layouts were invented that claimed to be more efficient, including as the Dvorak keyboard patented in 1936. Although there are dedicated Dvorak users today, they remain a tiny minority compared to those who continue to use the original QWERTY layout, which remains the most popular keyboard layout on devices of many types throughout the English-speaking world. QWERTYs current acceptance has been attributed to the layout being efficient enough and familiar enough to hinder the commercial viability of competitors. Early Breakthroughs   One of the first breakthroughs in keyboard technology was the invention of the teletype machine. Also referred to as the teleprinter, the technology has been around since the mid-1800s and was improved by inventors such as Royal Earl House, David Edward Hughes, Emile Baudot, Donald Murray, Charles L. Krum, Edward Kleinschmidt, and Frederick G. Creed.  But it was thanks to the efforts of  Charles Krum between 1907 and 1910 that the teletype system became practical for everyday users. In the 1930s, new keyboard models were introduced that combined the input and printing technology of typewriters with the communications technology of the  telegraph. Punch-card systems were also combined with typewriters to create what were known as keypunches. These systems became the basis of early adding machines (early calculators), which were hugely commercially successful. By 1931, IBM had registered more than $1 million in adding machine sales. Keypunch technology was incorporated into the designs of the earliest computers, including the 1946  Eniac computer that used a punch-card reader as its input and output device. In 1948, another computer called the Binac computer used an electro-mechanically controlled typewriter to input data directly onto magnetic tape in order to feed in computer data and print results. The emerging electric typewriter further improved the technological marriage between the typewriter and the computer. Video Display Terminals By 1964, MIT, Bell Laboratories, and General Electric had collaborated to create a  time-sharing, multi-user computer system called Multics. The system encouraged the development of a new user interface called  the video display terminal (VDT), which incorporated the technology of the cathode ray tube used in televisions into the design of the electric typewriter. This allowed computer users to see what text characters they were typing on their display screens for the first time, which made  text assets easier to create, edit, and delete. It also made computers easier to program and use. Electronic Impulses and Hand-Held Devices Early computer keyboards were based either on teletype machines or keypunches but there was a problem: having so many electro-mechanical steps necessary to transmit data between the keyboard and the computer slowed things down considerably. With VDT technology and electric keyboards, the keys could now send electronic impulses directly to the computer and save time. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, all computers used electronic keyboards and VDTs.   In the 1990s, handheld devices that introduced mobile computing became available to consumers. The first of handheld devices was the HP95LX, released in 1991 by Hewlett-Packard. It had a hinged clamshell format that was small enough to fit in the hand. Although not yet classified as such, the HP95LX was the first of the Personal Data Assistants (PDA). It had a small QWERTY keyboard for text entry, although touch typing was practically impossible due to its small size. The Pen Is Not Mightier Than the Keyboard As PDAs began to add web and email access, word processing, spreadsheets, personal schedules, and other desktop applications, pen input was introduced. The first pen input devices were made in the early 1990s, but the technology to recognize handwriting was not robust enough to be effective. Keyboards produce machine-readable text (ASCII), a necessary feature for indexing and searching by contemporary character-based technology. Minus character recognition, handwriting produces digital ink, which works for some applications but requires more memory in order to save input and is not machine-readable. Ultimately, most of the early PDAs (GRiDPaD, Momenta, Poqet, PenPad) were not commercially viable. Apples 1993 Newton project was expensive and its handwriting recognition was particularly poor. Goldberg and Richardson, two researchers at Xerox in Palo Alto, invented a simplified system of pen strokes called Unistrokes, a sort of shorthand that converted each letter of the English alphabet into single strokes that users would input into their devices. Palm Pilot, released in 1996, was an instant hit, introducing the Graffiti technique, which was closer to the Roman alphabet and included a way to input capital and lowercase characters. Other non-keyboard inputs of the era included the MDTIM, published by Poika Isokoski, and Jot, introduced by Microsoft. Why Keyboards Persist The problem with all of these alternative keyboard technologies is the data capture takes more memory and is less accurate than with digital keyboards. As mobile devices such as smartphones grew in popularity, many differently formatted keyboard patterns were tested—and the issue became how to get one small enough to use accurately. One fairly popular method was the soft keyboard. A soft keyboard is one that has a visual display with built-in touchscreen technology. Text entry is performed by tapping on keys with a stylus or finger. The soft keyboard disappears when not in use. QWERTY keyboard layouts are most frequently used with soft keyboards, but there were others, such as the FITALY, Cubon, and OPTI soft keyboards, as well as a simple listing of alphabetic letters. Thumbs and Voice As voice recognition technology has advanced, its capabilities have been added to small hand-held devices to augment, but not replace soft keyboards. Keyboard layouts continue to evolve as data input embraced texting, which is typically is entered via some form of a soft QWERTY keyboard layout (although there have been some attempts to develop thumb-typing entry such as the KALQ keyboard, a split-screen layout available as an Android app). Sources David, Paul A. Clio and the Economics of Qwerty. The American Economic Review 75.2 (1985): 332-37. Print.Dorit, Robert L. Marginalia: Keyboards, Codes and the Search for Optimality. American Scientist 97.5 (2009): 376-79. Print.Kristensson, Per Ola. Typing Isnt All Fingers, Its Thumbs. The World Today 69.3 (2013): 10-10. Print.Leiva, Luis A., et al. Text Entry on Tiny Qwerty Soft Keyboards. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2702388: ACM, 2015. Print.Liebowitz, S. J., and Stephen E. Margolis. The Fable of the Keys. The Journal of Law Economics 33.1 (1990): 1-25. Print.MacKenzie, I. Scott, and R. William Soukoreff. Text Entry for Mobile Computing: Models and Methods, Theory and Practice. Human-Computer Interaction 17.2-3 (2002): 147-98. Print.Topolinski, Sascha. I 5683 You: Dialing Phone Numbers on Cell Phones Activates Key-Concordant Concepts. Psychological Science 22.3 (2011): 355-60. Print.

Personal Statement For A Social Worker - 1904 Words

At an early age, everybody does not know what they would like to be in life. Some of us need time to discover our gift, passion or destiny. After two careers and struggling the idea of what to do my remaining time on earth, the decision was made to start a third career, this time it would geared toward building a better place to rear my children. As a social worker, working with the veteran population, I would be able to reach back as did many of my mentors to become a resource. Utilizing my resources is a tool I used as a road map to success. The title of Social Worker is a legal classification reserved for those who have received specialized training through an authorized university and have completed the requirements for a Bachelors, Masters or Doctoral degree and are registered with a professional regulatory body. The foundation of Social work is rooted in its core values of service: social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. Adult and Healthy aging with a specialization in military veterans is the area of social work that has the most interest; I stand in the same boots and sleep in the same conditions. To crawl through the battlefield of life, to get to the point where I could ask for help, I struggled with a bout of depression for years thinking I coul d solve my own problem before reaching out for help. Which led to the decision to enter the field of social change to get my brother and sister theirShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Social Worker2061 Words   |  9 Pages The focus of this paper will address my personal beliefs, how I manage to make this value important factors in my life, and how these values relate to who I am as a person and the social worker I am going to become. I will also discuss how my personal values may condratict with the core values in social work practice, and the steps I will used to utilize resolution if issues occur. In this world, all humans being have their own beliefs, values and attitudes that we all have urbanized during someRead MorePersonal Statement Of A Social Worker1809 Words   |  8 Pages Personal Statement Student’s Name Institution Affiliation A) General Introduction As a woman diagnosed with social anxiety,I was entrusted to be under the care of a social worker so as to help me manage my disorder. Personally, I have gone through so many experiences which collectively made me develop a deeper insight into the roles of social workers as compared to other health caregivers. Besides that, I have seen a lot of transformative supports to people who have various social problemsRead MorePersonal Statement : Becoming A Social Worker1850 Words   |  8 PagesI may not be interested in becoming a social worker, but I am interested in further understanding some of the ethical values known in social work as well as learning how to properly help my future students with their problems. That being said, my dream job is to be a high school teacher just like my mom and step dad. After hearing for several years how difficult it can be to relate to some of the troubled students in secondary school, I figured the best thing I could do to become a good teacher woul dRead MoreSocial Workers Must Advocate For Multiple Reasons974 Words   |  4 PagesIn Social Work Speaks, I decided to look at the policy dealing with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. I chose this policy, as I, myself do believe that alcohol, tobacco and other drugs are a major problem in today’s society. This paper will go into detail of this policy and whether I disagree or agree with it. Do my personal values play a role in my decision and if I would make any revisions to the current policy. Do I Agree Or Disagree With The Policy Statement In Social Work Speaks the policyRead MorePersonal Reflection On The Social Work Profession847 Words   |  4 PagesMy paper is a personal reflection on my understanding of the social work profession, as I get ready for my field placement. I will reflect on my evolving sense of professional identity, and will discuss my growth in terms of self-awareness. I will further deliberate about my knowledge of the Social Work profession. My current understanding of the profession, and activities, tasks and roles that I may undertake in a placement situation The Social Work profession in Ontario is a complete, accreditedRead MoreMy Views On Social Justice1060 Words   |  5 PagesMissions Statement (please click for UNE MSW Mission Statement: (http://www.une.edu/wchp/socialwork/programs/mission-and-values) discuss your views on: My views on social justice are strong, because I believe everyone should be treated equally and without prejudice. As a young African American female in the US Army I faced many social injustices, which led me to social work. Social workers challenge social injustice such as oppression, discrimination, and exploitation. Social workers engage inRead MoreSocial Work s Fundamental Mission1048 Words   |  5 Pages Social workers can be found in prisons, hospitals, nursing homes, homeless shelters, or schools. A social worker may hold a position at a local government agency or in a skilled nursing unit. Social workers advocate for such communities as the LGBT or minorities. They seek and deliver homes, food, and clothing. They provide counseling and guidance to so many. A social worker can be found in many diverse locations and perform even more various types of duties but they all have the same goalRead MoreThe Section Of The National Association Of Social Work807 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesAssociation of Social Work Ethics that will be discussed will be number four which includes Social Workers’ ethical responsibilities as professionals. This ethics code concentrates on a several different factors which include: 4.01 Competence, 4.02 discrimination, 4.03 private conduct, 4.04 dishonesty, 4.05 personal impairment, 4.06 misinterpretations, 4.07 solicitations, and 4.08 acknowledging credit. Ethical responsibilities as a professional are extremely important to be a successful social workerRead MoreThe National Association Of Social Workers758 Words   |  4 Pagesthe quality of our lives depends on them. Indeed, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) and I both recognize the importance of enhancing the well-being of those who are vulnerable and how possession of ethics contributes to such development. While completing the Values Inventory for Policy Practice forms, there were eighteen similarities between the NASW and my personal beliefs regarding the set of statements. Some of them include, supporting gay and lesbian couples in affording the sameRead MoreEmployee Privacy Rights Human Resource managers and their staff members have to be sure to be up to600 Words   |  3 Pagesregarding privacy legislation including HIPAA, which is the Heal Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. HIPAA is the associated privacy rule issued by the US Department of Health and Human Services which protects the use and disclosure of personal medical information. Because I work in the healthcare industry I know that HIPAA was created to also protect the privacy of patient records when dealing with health plans, third-party billers, patient accounting, and possible vendors that may handle

The 1960s Of The 70s - 1674 Words

Ever wonder what it’s like to be back in the 70s? Well I certainly do! Every decade has a special significant and I believe that we should learn about it. In the 1970s, it was a time period filled with equality fighting, freedom opportunity, change, and war. One interesting fact that I noticed in the 70s is that it is a continuation of the 60s. During this decade, women continued to fight for their equality and Americans joined the protest against the Vietnam War that was going on during this time. The 1970s was a time of great change. Some of these great changes had to deal with the fashion industries, technologies, and even transportation. Not only that, but in the 70s, types of music s changed and so did art. For example, there was an increase in Installation Art during this time period. Even though the 1970s had great changes that improved the world, it also had some of its downfalls. In the political area, Nixon, as a president during this time, caused destruction. In add ition, during this decade, there were several assassination attempts on presidents and it was also the beginning on terrorists. It is important for people to learn details about past decades. To truly understand about the 70s, you must know and learn the history, politics, fashion, music, important people, and sports. Under politics and history, Richard Nixon would be considered as an important person. Under Nixon’s control, he immediately orders a U.S. invasion of Cambodia. After hisShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis of Pharmaceutical Innovation: Can We Live Forever? a Commentary on Schnittker and Karandinos1013 Words   |  5 Pagesreaders knew that hundreds of millions of dollars are spent each year and still so little, relatively speaking, has been accomplished, it would have a profound impact upon their opinion of the topic. 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In fact, the beginning of the 1930’s/40’s affected the rise of conservatism in the U.S by the 1960’s/70’s in three ways, such as the growth of Democratic involvement, Civil Rights, and the decrease of traditional values. Therefore, it was a new era for political change and tossing away the original thoughts of a conservative, limited government toRead MoreSocial Relationships Within The Media Industry Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pages The way advertisers from the 1960s onwards responded to the causes of â€Å"demassification† of consumers began when the media industry was restructuring itself into smaller independent operating entities. The shift during this time formed large operating industry’s into smaller lines of production meant that advertisers would have to change their focus from a mass audience into smaller groups of well targeted consumers. 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However there is still a there is still process to be made concerning employment and social roles for women to have equal righ ts as men. The Women’s Liberation Movement started in the 60’s during the second wave of feminism. Even though the 70’s were a time of changeRead MoreThe Hippie Movement and the Beat Movemnt1704 Words   |  7 Pagesmain influence on the Hippie Generation and drug epidemic. The Beat Movement consisted of a group of American writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s, influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion. William T. Lawlor called the Beat Movement â€Å"an artistic movement noted for experimentation and a bohemian lifestyle† (Lawlor 70). These individuals involved in the movement believed in spontaneity and utilized this characteristic to go against the average culture of the 1950s and for personalRead MoreAfrican Americans And Film And Television Production1621 Words   |  7 Pagesstereotypes that society sees in African American people. Movies have stereotyped the general behaviour of African Americans based upon current event s. These stereotypes were only accurate image statements to a certain group, not the entire race. In the 1960’s African American Actors were growing in the industry although bound by racial barriers. Television shows and films were commonly known for White Americans.Television shows such as â€Å"The Andy Griffith Show†,† I Dream of Jeanie† and â€Å"Bewitched†, wereRead More The History of Rock and Roll Music Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pages The 1960s were the classic age of rock music. The main sub-genres were defined in the 1960s. The paradigm of rock music as the alternative to commercial pop music was established in the 1960s. Wild experimentation alloweds rock musicians to explore a range of musical styles that few musicians had attempted before 1966. Captain Beefheart and the Velvet Underground also created a different kind of rock music within rock music, a different paradigm within the new paradigm, one that will influence

Beautiful Creatures free essay sample

The point of view from which the story is told is first persona and Ethan is telling the story. The theme of the story is not to let others pick your fate but for you to make the choice. The conflict of the story is Ethan and Lena trying to find a way to turn Lena light so they can stay together. Ethan Wate is a main character in the book. He is Lena’s boyfriend in the story and is more protective of her than anyone else. He has brown hair, blue eyes, and is over six foot four. He has lived in Gatlin his whole life but wants to move away and travel the world. Ethan is also the star player on the Jackson high basketball team. An unusual quality about him is that he has some sort of power even though he is still a mortal. He is the only one who can protect her from Sarafine (a dark caster who tries to kill Lena). We will write a custom essay sample on Beautiful Creatures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Something else about Ethan is that he has dreams about Lena before they even meet. In them Lena is always dying but in a very unusual way. She could drown and he would jump in to save her, he would wake up wet. Or Lena could be burning in a building and Ethan would wake up with burn marks on his clothes and covered in ashes. In his dreams he sees this girl he doesn’t know but in his dreams he did know her. All he knows is that she has black hair and green eyes. He thinks he is going crazy but then the girl in the dreams comes to town. Lena Duchannes is also a main character in the book. She has green eyes, black hair, and very pale skin. She is Ethan’s girlfriend in the novel but has major trust problems. Ethan was her first mortal friend and she often feels as though she can’t talk to him because of how different they are. She has moved around her whole life to keep safe from dark casters. Everyone in her family has powers and she turned out to be the most powerful caster type of all. She was a natural, someone who can control nature, weather, and gravity. She was told that her mother and father both died in a fire but she later on learns that her mother is still alive and that her mother killed her father. Throughout the novel she has trouble deciding light or dark. She is constantly afraid that she is going dark and will hurt the ones she loves. She often dressed in dark clothes but toward the middle she started dressing more warmly. She pushes Ethan away a lot in the book because she doesn’t want to go through the whole heartbreak thing on her birthday. Deep down she knows how much she loves Ethan and wants to be with him but she also doesn’t want to hurt him. The book starts off with Ethan having a dream. In the dream he and a mysterious girl are falling, he has no idea who the girl is but he does know that he loves her and would do anything to keep her alive. He has been having the same dream ever since his mom died a few months ago. He refers to it as â€Å"love before first sight†. The scary part of the dreams is that he always dies and he doesn’t ever wake up until she does. This time she drowned in mud and when he woke up he was covered in dirt and water. He goes to take a shower and sees that there is a new song on his iPod called â€Å"sixteen moons†. It is about a girl and a boy who in love but that cannot be together because of unnatural reasons. When his friend, link, pulls up to take him to school he asks him if he downloaded a new song on his iPod. He says no and asks what song it was and when Ethan tries to pull it back up it was gone. On the way to school they pass a hearse which is very unusual. No one in Gatlin owns a hearse and no one ever comes and no one ever goes. Everyone was born there and everyone passes away there. When they arrive at school they learn that there is a new girl at school but no one has seen her yet. By lunch everyone is talking about her. The basketball team all sits together at a table and they talk about how hot she is and they all joke about who gets to date her first. Then the cheerleaders over hear them and tell them that she is Ravenswood’s niece. Ethan was actually looking forward to meeting her and thought maybe they could go out sometime, but not anymore. Macon Ravenwood is the town shut-in that lives in the biggest house in town. He has lived there since he was a baby, but no one has ever seen him leave his house, so Ethan tries to forget about her. He had basketball practice that afternoon and he saw someone get into the hearse. She had black hair, green eyes, and very pale skin. She was the girl from his dreams, just then she looked over and locked eyes with Ethan, it started to rain. When he got home Amma, his house keeper (who was more like his mother to him) told him to stay away from Ravenswood’s niece. He always listened to Amma but he hesitated because he was curious and wanted to find out more about her. The next day he sees that she is in his English class, she sits in the front row a few seats away from Ethan. The teacher introduces her to the class and he learns that her name is Lena. Emily Asher (one of the cheerleaders) starts bulling Lena not even halfway through the class. Ethan can’t take it anymore and stands up for her. He knows he will pay for it later because no one was talking to her and if he was on the basketball team he was supposed to do what the basketball team did. Emily took Lena’s notebook and was about to start reading it Ethan took it and gave it back it Lena. This is when he notices something on her hand, it the number 156. Later on in art he hears someone playing in band. Someone was playing the song he heard the day before (sixteen moons). He starts hearing the words even though no one is singing and this triggers a dream or vision only this time he was still awake. It was the same dream, they both were both falling and Ethan tries to grab her hand to hold onto her but she slips through his fingers. When he returns to reality he has finger nail marks on his arm from where she was holding on and in his lump of clay (he was in pottery class) there was a handprint much too small to be his or even a boy’s at all. Link stayed after that day so Ethan drives home. Suddenly it starts to rain, actually more like pour. It was so bad that he could barely see the road in front of him even though the road was deserted except for him. Then sixteen moons comes on on the radio, it scares him so much he almost doesn’t see the green eyes in the middle of the road. He almost hits the figure but at the last second swerves around it. He gets out making sure that the person or animal was ok. Then he realizes it was Lena, her face was even paler than usual and her eyes were glowing, but that was not the first thing he noticed though. The first thing he saw was that she had a red mark on her hand from where Ethan had grabbed her to hold onto her in the dream. When Ethan helps her up lighting strikes the tree a few yard away and it splits in half. Ethan tells Lena that she is the girl from the dreams and that he was the one who did that to her arm. Lena dynes it and tells him that he must be drunk but she agrees to let him take her home anyway. He notices the number on her hand again it said 152, four less than last time. The next day Ethan tells link about what happened the night before and about how he had dreamed about her. He doesn’t tell him about the visions being real though. That day Ethan and Lena bump into each other in the hall and the light above them goes out. In English the girls continue to tease Lena and even though Lena is not saying anything it was as if Ethan could read her mind. He heard her voice yelling at them and telling them to stop. Then the window shatters and glass flies everywhere. Lena runs out of the room and Ethan follows her to Ravenwood. He walks into the house because no one answered the door and he sees a huge dog that looked more like a wolf and runs back out. Then he sees a path leading to a garden and follows it to where he finds Lena. He hears he crying and tries to comfort her. They learn that they can speak telepathically. Then Lena admits that she has been having dreams about him as well. Lena tells him that her birthday is in 151 days (that explains the number on her hand) and that she might not be there afterwards. After that day in the garden Ethan and Lena have many telepathic conversations. Ethan starts feeling very self-conscious that Lena will be able to read all of his thoughts, so he tries really hard to think about basketball and not to let his thoughts drift off to other things. Ethan goes to school the next day and sees that Lena was not there. He realized that that was a good thing because the parents had already started something about Lena breaking the window saying that she was a danger to all the students. After school Ethan goes over to Ravenwood to drop off Lena’s English homework. Before he even knocks her Uncle Macon opens the door and invites him in for dinner. When they get to the ball room there is already another place set for him. Ethan brings up a subject that makes Macon mad and all the light go out. Then he starts telling Ethan that he cannot protect Lena. Macon throws a vase without touching it and vanishes. Lean quickly pushes Ethan out of the house without any explanation at all. That night he wakes up from Lena’s voice in his head. She tells him to go outside and he does. She was sitting on his porch and they talk all night. She tells him everything about how she and everyone else in her family has powers and about how she will turn dark or light on her birthday. After that night Lena is all Ethan thinks about. They go to the garden every day and he considers that as their special place. The next day Ethan is at the local convenience store with the rest of the basketball team and a girl in a short skirt, tiny tank top, and dark sunglasses pulls up. She introduces herself as Ridley lean’s cousin and was sent to pick Ethan up for a family holiday. The guys stare at Ridley as ethane gets into her car and drives away. At Ravenwood no one is happy to see Ridley. At dinner Ethan learns that Ridley was claimed on her sixteenth birthday and turned dark. He also learned that Lena was a natural, a caster who can control the weather, nature, and gravity. Then Ridley grabs Ethan’s arm and he starts to go pale, she was sucking the life out of him but Lena yells and creates a tornado in the house which sweeps her away. Ethan wakes up in Lena’s room a few hours later. When Lena rushes over to him she grabs his hand and a crack in the plaster on her way makes a big heart. Lena is embarrassed and tries to pull away but Ethan kisses her instead. Lena pushes him back because she doesn’t want to get too close to him and then turn dark and hurt him. Ethan says he doesn’t care and pulls her back to him. The next week is Halloween and at school the basketball team decided to dress up like the cheerleaders and Ethan gets scolded by the team when he doesn’t wear his costume. The cheerleaders make a sick joke and they dress up as witches that look a lot like Lena. They have black wigs, colored contacts, a black hat and they even put a birthmark on their faces like Lena. Surprisingly Lena controls herself but when the girls go to take the mark off they cant. Lena used her powers to change their eyeliner to sharpie so the ink wouldn’t come off. Her powers were growing every day. Ethan wakes up hearing Lena screaming in his head. He rushes to her house and he finds her on the floor f the ball room surrounded by her family all chanting something in Latin. They were saying that she was being attacked by Sarafine and that no one could save her. Then Ethan rushes in and breaks the circle and saves her but when lean wakes up Ethan falls unconscious. He wakes up in Lena’s room again and they talk about what happened the night before. Ethan kisses Lena who is starting to freak out but his lungs start to feel like they are collapsing and†¦he passes out. Lena realizes that that happens a lot and she goes to get her little cousin Ryan who heals him. They learn about a library but for casters and they decide to go check it out. While down there the librarian helps them try to find the book of moons which is supposed to be the most powerful book but they learn that it has been missing for over a hundred years. Then they run into Macon and he starts yelling at Lena who then collapses and cries out in pain (it was another attack from Sarafine). Ethan decides to pull a Handsome Prince and kisses Sleeping Lena and of course it works. They find the book a few days later and they skip school to study it. When they do go to school though link, Lena , and Ethan talk about the winter formal and Ethan realizes that he hasn’t asked Lena yet. He does and she says yes which surprised him because he didn’t think she liked things like that. At the winter formal, they see that link brought a date and it just so happen to be Ridley. The same Ridley who tried to kill Ethan a few months earlier. When someone drops a bucket of soap on Lena and Ethan, Ridley stands up for her cousin. She rips dresses, blows lights out, sets off sprinklers, and shorts electric equipment. They leave then and at Ravenwood Macon grounds Lena for not leaving right when she saw Ridley. Lena, though wants to know how exactly Macon even knew Ridley was there. He admits that the dog, Boo Radley, is his spy and he can see out of the dog’s eyes. When Ethan thinks about it, every time Lena and him had ever been together the dog was always with them. Ethan is not exactly happy about this and doesn’t speak to him the rest of the night. The day of Lena’s birthday Ethan goes over to her house to give Lena her birthday present. When he walks up the stairs to her room the stairs flick him off, this is her way at a last attempt to keep Ethan away but it’s too late for that. With enough persistence he makes it up to her room. They lay under a blanket for a few hours and then he gives her the present. It’s a necklace with his mom’s ring on it. She loves it, puts it on, and they head downstairs. When they enter the ball room they suddenly have black robes on and they join the circle of her relatives chanting again. They begin the ritual and then there is a knock at door, suddenly they all turn into a normal family and they are singing happy birthday to Lena around a ten tier pink cake. Ridley and link are at the door with the entire school behind them for Lena’s surprise birthday party. Ridley has the ability to make anyone do anything or think anything. That is exactly what she did to get the whole school to think that they like her. Macon would not let Lena out of his sight so she snuck out of the house. Ethan tells Lena that he loves her and Lena says the same back, but they say it in the only way that had ever mattered to them, telepathically. Their perfect moment was ruined when link tells them that Ethan’s dad is about to jump off of a building. The whole thing was a scheme by Ridley to get Lena by herself so she would be vulnerable. Ethan and link save his dad by link persuading her not to do it. Then she disappears, that was the last anyone saw of Ridley. Ethan goes back to Ravenwood to make sure Lena is ok but of course she wasn’t. He finds Lena, Mrs. Lincoln (link’s mom), and link in the woods. Then Link’s mom collapses and Sarafine steps out of her body. She puts force fields around Ethan and link to keep them away from Lena. Sarafine and Macon’s brother (hunter) try to convince Lena to go dark and then Macon shows up. Sarafine tells Lena that she and Ethan can never be together because she would end up killing him. That explains why Ethan passes out every time they kiss. Sarafine says that she knows a way that they can still be together. Macon’s brother, sick of just talking, attacks Macon leaving him and Boo unconscious.

Overseas Holidays

What has happened to demand (sales) of holidays in the last five years? What has happened to prices, and the revenues of sellers? Overseas holidays take up the greater part of travel agent bookings; the year 2011 experienced a great amount of holidays overseas taken by the United Kingdom’s flat line since 2008. The demand for sales of overseas tourism in the last five years was low because of various reasons or factors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Overseas Holidays specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the lack of growth in the last five year was enhanced by such factors as â€Å"Eyjafjallajokull† volcano, which caused the airspace to be closed up, thus, leading to the reduction in demand sales for holidays due to the negative effects within the market. In addition, there was a downgrade in forecast of GDP growth in the Bank of England, which was noted to be approximately one percent t o two percent. The decrease in the demand for overseas holidays in the last five years was also due to domestic events that happened during the peak summer period. For instance, there were Olympic Games in August and the UEFA, European Football Championship in June. It is revealed that domestic holidays declined from the year 2009 peak point remained at sixty-one percent of all holidays that were in use in 2010. Therefore, due to the decrease in demand of holidays that was experienced in the last five years, the prices were also affected, they had to be reduced in order to attract more holiday travelers. As a result, the sellers’ revenues were also influenced negatively because they declined. Research shows that the percentage of demand on holidays was a result of over protection on holidays and a small upturn in the package sector that raised agent`s share of the market. Short breaks were greatly affected by the recession that led to their abandonment by consumers. This tren d caused a negative impact on independent holiday volume. The meaning of staycation and why it is popular A staycation is a special type of vacation in which individuals known as staycationers remain at home rather than travel away to have some rest. The main purpose of a staycation is to help people rest from their day-to-day activities without having to take a trip far away from home (Rees 2011, p.89). Staycations have become popular currently because they are readily affordable by every person who needs a vacation but lacks finances or sufficient time. In addition, it is the best vacation for those individuals who do not like to experience travel difficulties such as delays among other shortcomings. Staycations have become popular because it is a person’s choice where to go. In a staycation, there are no difficulties in packing and unpacking of luggage. Generally, staycations have become popular because they are good time savers.Advertising Looking for report on busin ess economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because most people’s schedules are so tight and, therefore, finding time for oneself becomes an issue. Therefore, with staycation, people can save time that is spent on traveling by checking in the nearest resort where they can get out of their daily activities. It saves money since most vacations are extremely expensive. Staycation requires creativity rather than a lot of money in order for one to have fun. Staycations are also safe, specialized and simple. Importance of the Concept of Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand Cross elasticity of demand is the measure of responsiveness of the demand for a product due to a change in the price of another product. Elasticity of demand is important because if an organization can estimate cross elasticity of demand, then it stands a good chance of evaluating the effect of pricing strategies of their competitors. Determinants of the Relative Prices of Staycation and Vacations Relative price is the price of a product or service in terms of another. Therefore, the relative prices of staycation and vacation are determined by the prices spent on vacation to those spent on staycation. This implies that a person may decide to have a staycation because of lack of enough money to go for a normal vacation, which is quite demanding in terms of money. Using the concept of Income Elasticity of Demand to explain the effects of the Recession on the Demand for Holidays Income elasticity of demand is used to quantify the association between a change in amount demanded and a change in revenue. Demand for holidays is extremely price elastic. This means that as the prices of holidays goes up, it leads to a decline in demand. For instance, during the declines in the number of demand for holidays that were less than the equivalent reductions in volume, average expenditure on oversees continued to increase across the period. Exampl es of overseas expenditures involve airfares, sea fares, tunnel, as well as train fares. Therefore, due to this increase in travel expenditures using the concept of income elasticity of demand, the demand for holidays reduced at a higher rate because a considerable number of people choose to have a staycation, which is quite affordable rather than going for long vacations far away from home. The major cause of recession involves the short breaks that have been unreasonably affected. This is because a significant number of customers are more likely to abandon the short breaks holidays due to an increase in travel expenditures more than the long main holidays.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Overseas Holidays specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, this could lead to the elimination of shorter value oversea trips from the equation to a higher extent than long holidays. The capacity concerning the short brea ks have been thoughtfully redirected towards high value commodities. Therefore, higher affluence has greatly correlated with the likelihood to take holidays overseas, nevertheless, the rich customers have been the least likely to change their behaviors concerning going for holidays despite the occurrence of recession, whereas the less fortunate have been more likely to give up the issue concerning the overseas holiday market. Some of them either resort to other travel agencies or simply give up the idea of holidays completely. As a result, it has reduced the average expenditure on the influence of the lower spending sections. This implies, therefore, that change in price expenditure of travel agencies led to change in demand for holidays for majority of individuals who cannot afford to pay. Type of market structure that exists in the market for package holidays Most organizations base on those features that influence the nature of competition and pricing. For package holidays, there is the existence of the perfect competition market structure. This is a market structure that involves unrestricted contestability. This implies that any is free to join such a market because there are no obstacles that hinder a person or an organization to join the market structure. For instance, there are an unrestricted number of manufacturers and purchasers that involve an ideal elastic demand curve. Therefore, perfect competition exists within the market for package holiday because business dealing with travelling is open and has no restrictions for entry and exit, there are also a significant number of firms that have been developed under this market thus they produce the same products and services which are mostly transportation services. This market structure within the market of package holidays provides effective and efficient information and skills that are required through various means such as the internet so as to make it easier for travelers to have access to the inf ormation anytime and anywhere they wish. The firms under this market structure are price receivers making their demand curve to be a perfectly elastic curve. The rationale for the merger activity in recent years The motivation for the merger activity was to help in expanding the travel agency. For instance, through this activity that has taken place during the recent years, there was introduction of the United Kingdom first fair trade holiday as well as introduction of internet across the broader travel industry, which acted as the driving force for the innovation and for the merging activity in recent years. It is noted that a considerable number of people from various places have made their bookings through the internet.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relevant costs include variable costs because they tend to vary with output. This implies that these costs have a constant increase rate that is relative to labor and capital. For instance, when the demand for holidays reduces, the costs included in the travel expenditures also reduce, while the increase in demand for holidays also increases the prices. Reference Rees, T 2011, Travel agents, senior travel and tourism analyst, Prentice Hall, London. This report on Overseas Holidays was written and submitted by user Jared Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stephen Truscott essays

Stephen Truscott essays During the summer of 1959 in Clinton, Ontario, a innocent teenage boy named Stephen Truscott was suddenly burdened to grow up in to a man in no time at all. Justice was not served in the Stephen Truscott case due to many key persons directly involved with investigation of the murder and rape of Lynne Harper such as the unprofessional conduct of the entire investigation by OPP inspector Graham and staff; the one-sided arguments imposed by Crown-Attorney and an the mishandling of medical evidence by an expert witness Dr. Peniston, the coroner. The Clinton OPP and Inspector Graham made many errors in the manner that they approached investigation of the murder of Lynn Harper, the police were guided by old laws and went on a one-way pursuit of a boy which they were determined to find guilty. It only took the police 24 hours after Lynne Harper's body was found to arrest Steven Truscott. No other suspects were ever brought up or seriously investigated but the OPP never even checked police records or military records for past sex offenders. Inspector. Graham had many records of evidence which could have easily placed Truscott else where than in Lawson's Bush but rejected those bits of evidence to advance his personal agenda and create advantages for himself. From the beginning of the episode in 1959, the OPP brought shame to the police force for their distasteful work as police officers by making a mockery of all that they had been taught about justice. Theirs efforts were distinctly positioned to make their pieces fit the puzzle. The Crown's counsel made grave errors in the method in trying to establish guilt on Truscott and the Judge's failure to appreciate that the route that the Crown was taking which was misleading to the jury and a fair trial. The Crown made sure that Truscott was viewed upon as a sex driven teenager and guided the jury with the improper use of evidence against the prisoner. ...

Juveniles should be sentenced and incarcerated as adults for violent Essay

Juveniles should be sentenced and incarcerated as adults for violent crimes, such as first degree murder - Essay Example uveniles charged with capital offences have been using the age limit to defend their clients and various state laws have been supporting this argument. The juveniles might not be in a mature state of mind to face such capital charges. Moreover, the defense has been casting the juveniles’ guilt on several on other people including their parents. Indeed, in the De’ Marquise Elkins’s murder case, the defense attempted to cast guilt upon several others, including the childs parents and the laxity in police investigations (â€Å"Associated Press† 1). Ideally, the juvenile’s parents are responsible for their children’s action and hence have a leeway to prevent them from committing capital crimes for the first time. This supports the opposition against sentencing and incarcerating juveniles for violent crimes. The courts of law should sentence and incarcerate the juveniles as adults for violent crimes because they bear sole responsible for such crimes, their innocent parents cannot bear that guilt, evidence and facts proves their guilt, and they can serve in youth corrections on the juvenile charges as they wait to join adult prisons upon conviction. Indeed, the courts should rely on concrete evidence and convict the responsible suspects regardless of their age. In De’ Marquise Elkins’s murder case, the Jurors relied on evidence and deliberated for a long time before finding De’ Marquise Elkins guilty of 11 counts, including two counts of felony murder and one count of malice murder in the March 21 killing of 13-month-old Antonio Santiago in Brunswick (â€Å"Associated Press† 1). The court has a duty to place criminal responsibility on the juveniles if they were on sober mind and mental health while committing the capital offenses. Although the juvenile’ s parents have a responsibility over their children’s actions, the court should not cast the guilt on such parents if they were innocent. In fact, in the case of De’ Marquise Elkins’s murder case,

To what extent is it still true to say that legal justice in England Essay - 1

To what extent is it still true to say that legal justice in England and Wales rests upon adversarialism - Essay Example In such a system a decision is arrived at by a neutral decision maker on the basis of the details furnished by the parties. In respect of criminal cases two decision makers will be present, namely the judge and the jury; the duty of the former is to decide on the legal aspects whereas the duty of the latter is confined to factual issues.2 Moreover, the large number of legal commentators has designated the Australian and American legal systems as being adversarial legal systems. â€Å"Such classification is made because the primary and dominant legal procedure in this system is adjudication on legal disputes defined by the parties who bring those disputes to court for adjudication†3. The adoption of an adversarial system in England has been attributed to first, the practice of compurgation. This practice was an Anglo-Saxon defence in which several persons were made to testify in respect of a person’s innocence and second, the culmination of the extant English legal procedures like trial by jury and private prosecution4. I believe strongly that our adversarial process is the most effective way of trying criminal issues. However, the legal system has begun to recognise that pure adversarialism does not always produce justice, and more effort is now going into establishing areas of consensus between prosecution and defence. For example, judges are reining in needless, destructive cross-examination which puts people such as rape victims on trial, and procedures are being invented to prevent ambush tactics which involve one side taking the other completely by surprise5. The English legal system is primarily adversarial in composition. In this system resolution of issues is achieved by means of argument between the disputing parties in the presence of the presiding judge. This organization is methodical but costly and a considerable amount of time is taken in deciding

The importance of play for the childs development

The importance of play for the childs development This literature review collates evidence on the importance of play for the childs holistic development in early childhood. Concepts, theories, benefits of play, social policies, curriculum standpoints and the continuous conflicting debates which are related to this area were studied. A discussion of my personal experience which correlated to the literature review is also included. Selected literature was researched from peer-reviewed journals, books, articles and other materials relevant to this topic. The terms play, childs development, creative arts, theories and curriculum texts were chosen to evaluate this theme. Literature review It is a well-known fact that since time immemorial children kept themselves busy in play activities. Historical artefacts which can be interpreted as toys were found in various places of the world, including Malta. The National Museum in Valletta, hosts stone balls and beads which are thought to date back to the Neolithic phase (ca 5200BC). This indicates that play was always important in a childs life and as a consequence, educators delved into past studies of philosophers and early childhood education pioneers, who interpreted different views about play (Saracho et al., 1998; p.5, Wood et al., 1996; p.17, 20). In order to understand better the importance of this topic in a childs early years, an overview of different views of key theories, and definitions was researched. Different theories and definitions of play Early pioneers, scholars, and philosophers such as Plato, Comenius, Locke, Pestallozzi, Froebel, Steiner, Montessori, Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner all focused on the importance of childrens play and its relation to childs development (Anning, 1991). The first discussion of play appeared in the works of Plato (427-348 B.C.E.) the ancient Greek philosopher who maintained that one can get to know more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of discussion. He also acknowledged that play is an effective tool for children to develop their cognitive and social skills which would prepare them for their future life (Quinn, B.,  Foshay, R.,  and Morris, B., 2001). Comenius (1592-1670) in particular, believed in impulsiveness of play which boosted up childs creativity, while Locke (1632-1704) viewed play as a necessary and important part of personal development (Cassel R.N.,1973a 10(1), 42-45). Similarly, Pestallozzi (1726-1847) believed that children learn through experience and activity, (Wardel, F., 1995, v 50 n3 p.68-73). Froebels (1782-1852) pioneering work suggested that children learn best through play, free self expression, social participation and creativity and saw play as a process in which children showed their inn er self (Anderson, C., 2010, v65 n2 p54-56) while Montessori maintained that sensory stimulation during play helps the child construct and guide his own learning. (Soundy, C., 2010, v22 n4 p18-25). Both Steiner and Froebel believed in free play, where the child had the opportunity to choose the topic of the play without constant interference or involvement by an adult. (Brehony, K. J., 2001) But on the contrary to Froebel, Steiner believed that play is not limited only to toys but included cooking, painting, and action songs (Edwards, C.P., 2002, v4 n1 Spr 2002). Steiner and Montessori had similar views, in particular that of helping the children realise their full abilities through play ( Edwards, C.P., 2002, v4 n1 Spr 2002) Studies show that educational theorists also recognised the importance of play. According to Sigmund Freud, children employ pretend play to help them cope with everyday problems (Elkind, D., 2001 n139 p27-28). Play helps them change the unpleasant situations that would overcome all their difficulties (Saracho et al., 1998; 7). On the other hand, Erikson (Lillenry. O. F., 2009) described play as a primary motivation to develop socially and emotionally. In yet another definition, Jean Piaget (1886-1980) who has influenced educators for the past three decades (Wood et al., 1996; p.20; Tyler, 1976; p.227). from anna) viewed play as having a strong influence on the intellectual development of the child. Furthermore, Piaget argued that the purpose of play for the child is, that it gives fulfilment and allows development involving accommodation and assimilation (Taylor., J.B. 1996; v7v5 p.258-9) ericp. The theoretical model, which Piaget applied to his theories, was the concept of schema. Schemas are evolving structures which change from one stage of cognitive development to another (Nutbrown.C., 1994). Piagets definition of the child during play is of a scientist working actively on tangible objects, imaginary events, in a stimulating environment, while processing, constructing knowledge and understanding (Wood et al., 1996; p.21). Piagets study implies that while the child is active in play he absorbs information, and cognitive development occurs (Blenkin et al., 1981; p.28). According to Smith et al (1998), Piagets approach provided the most complete explanation of how play is the most significant factor in intellectual development. In a similar approach to all other theorists, Vyg otsky also points out that play can serve as a powerful tool for learning and development (Nicolopoulou, A., Barbosa De Sa, A., Ilgaz, H., Brockmeyer, C., 2010, v17 n1 p42-58). However, Vygotsky challenged Piagets conclusions. While Piagets theory states that a child will develop and learn while he interacts with the environment, Vygotsky implies that a child learns best through social interaction (Saracho et al., 1998; p.7). anna As studies reveal, Vygotsky placed more weight on play as serving an important role in the socialising development. His theory of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) specifies that when guided by experienced individuals the child moves on to the next level of cognitive functioning (Smolucha et al., 1998; p 53, Wood et al., 1996; p.55). This adult-child joint play activity fosters development in both adults and child (Ferholt. B. Lecusay. R., 2010; v17 n1 p.59-83). eric The level of development that can be reached with an adult, is far greater than what can be achieved alone (Ford 2004). Vygotsky also implies that while the child engages in play, the ZPD is created and the child always behaves beyond his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 102). In contrast to Vygotskys and Bruners theories, Piagets studies took another different approach. In Piagets theory the teacher acts as the facilitator for the young scientist, whilst Vygotsky and Bruners ideology is that the child and adult work together in order to develop new schemas. INSERT Jerome Bruner is one of the most important figures in education and his theory of play influenced other educators (Takaya, K., 2008, v39 n1 p1-19). Nevertheless, each of these different theoretical positions make an important contribution to our understanding of why these theorists work has become increasingly popular in todays education. (Wood et al, 1976; Crain, 1992; Broadhead, 2006). In yet a further definition of play, is given by Pellegrini (1991) and Saracho (1991) who used Rubin, Fein and Vanderbergs (1983) ideology and implies that play dominated by childs activity, while being spontaneous free of rules, and controlled by the players themselves. An equally significant description of play is given by Herbert Spencer, (1820-1903) an English philosopher and sociologist, who defines play as a channel or vent to let out the surplus energy which reduces tension, whilst Karl Gross (1861-1946) in The Philosopher of Art, alludes to Plato, when he maintains that play is the process of preparation for adult life. Similarly, Tina Bruce (2001, p. 112) believes play to be the highest form of learning and development in early childhood. sarah. This point is also sustained by the work of Moyles (1989) who maintains that play is vital for the growing child as it is an excellent learning medium. Sarah Certainly there is no shortage of limitations and misconceptions within the se views and definitions. Although the description of play remains highly popular, it is however important to note that many writers encounter difficulties when it comes to find a precise and conclusive explanation of play. (Moyles, 1989; Greig, 1998). Greig (1998) also highlights that the most difficult factor of defining play is due to the ambiguity of the whole concept. sarah As Smith (2000, p. 80) pointed out the boundaries of play are fluid and therefore it is difficult to provide a definite meaning. sarah Similarly, Peacocke (1987) argues that the misconception of the word play causes parents to have a false impression of its learning and developmental ability. Brierley (1987) points out that, if a task is easy or unimportant, we as adults refer to it as childs play. This was also supported by Moyles (1989) who argues about the importance of a different terminology for the word play, as it is usually used to signify something trivial, when in reality it is the core of learning . sarah Despite these limitations of the concept of play, its popularity in its beneficial contribution towards the childs development remains high. Educators and pioneers who advocated the use of play in education, emphasise that children expand their knowledge and developmental skills as they play alone, with others or when they interact with the environment (Clover, 1999 in Ashibi, G.S., 2007, Vol.35, no2, p. 199-207 ). It can be said from the above analysis that all these theoretical positions make an important contribution to our understanding that play is vitally important not just to childrens emotional and social development but also to their intellectual development. This review of literature depicting the work and theories on early childhood education clearly shows how the educators sought to establish the uniqueness and importance of play in childhood as a fundamental stage where they acknowledged its significance to learning and development (Wood et al., 1996; p.1). insert Further research in this study about the benefits of play, proved that they are consistent with the repeated arguments in the history of theories of play, which emphasis the power it has on childrens physical, emotional, intellectual and social development (Saracho et al., 1998; p.7). The importance of play during childhood Play helps the child flourish the skills which are very important to later growth and development (Leoeng, D. J., Bodrova, E., 2005, Vol.13, Iss. 1; pg.37).This study seems to strongly indicate that there is a connection between play and the development of cognitive, emotional, physical, and social skills that are necessary to learn more complex concepts. Play is also attributed to the growth of memory, adjusting behaviour, language, symbolic recognition, (Leong, D.J.  and  Bodrova, E.,   2005, Vol.13, Iss. 1; pg37)  and other skills such as literacy, problem solving, negotiation, turn-taking, cooperation, and social understanding ((Ashiabi, G.S., 2007, Vol.35, no. 2 pgs 19-205). The intention of the following literature is to give substantial evidence that free play including Steiners ideology, within a Montessori settings, is the key to the development of physical, cognitive, and social skills, for all children. Play and social development sarah A child being separated from his parents for the first time to attend kindergarten tends to be unsociable, and shy. At this time he has to learn how to mix with other children and develop social competence. As Smith (2000) highlights, it is through play that children establish healthy relationships with others. Active participation in free play does not only support the childs development of a sense of self but also enhances the development of the childs ability to team up with his peers. (Gerhardt, 1976: p.236 ) (anna) In order to fit into society, children have to learn how to accept and get on with others. (Reynolds, 1987; Woolfson, 2001). Sarah Connolly and Smith (1978, v10 n2 p86-97) observed pre-school children during free play sessions and noted the period of time the children had been attending the nursery school. They found that sociability in play was more correlated with time spent at the nursery than with the childs age (Connolly, K., Smith, P. 1978, v10 n2 p86-97). Studi es all imply, that play is an important activity of early childhood (Smolucha et al., 1998: p.42), Insert where peer interaction is important for social-cognitive development (Creasy et al., 1998: p. 12; Soundy, C.S., 2008, in E.C.E. J.2009 36:381-383). Play is a form of social behaviour, which requires children to act and react to different circumstances while engrossed in solitary, parallel or social play. During play, children experiment and practice new social skills and behaviours (Creasy et al., 1998, p.126). INSERT, test their assertiveness, tackle conflicts, take decisions, and make choices and mistakes (Tyler, 1976, p.242). INSERT Play also helps to increase childs ego, peer-group identity and build up abstract frameworks (Wood et al., 1996, p.145). Social competence is promoted further through the development and refinement of certain skills, such as sharing, cooperation, problem-solving, and perspective taking (Creasy et al., 1998; p.126). Insert Social and cognitive play are inter-related, when even in the simplicity of working together in sharing paper bits and pieces to make a collage, children do not just socialise but also develop intellectual skills (Seefeldt, 1976b; p.178). INSERT Play enhances Intellectual Development Children have an innate capability for learning, and play is the medium through which most learning takes place (Manning and Sharp, 1977; Smith, 2000). During free-play children are confronted with high levels of cognitive tasks. As children enjoy playing it has been established that pleasure is the factor which helps in absorbing knowledge (Bruce, 2001). Imposing rules on their play creates a conflicting anxiety, between doing what brings enjoyment and what decreases the rules that limit that pleasure (Pellegrini, 1998; p. 225). In this situation the child learns to deal with aggression, assumed leadership, respect, love, and anger. Observing peers who find new ways of tackling problems builds respect, empathy, and understanding of ones own skills as well as those of others. Fisher (1996) points out that a child engaged in an intellectually stimulating activity is just as active as the child pedalling a tricycle. In a similar fashion, vigorous play interrelates to the physical devel opment of the child. Play promotes Motor Development In a society where families live in high blocks of flats, the amount of play space is restricted. It is crucial that nursery schools provide space and play equipment for the child to develop his fine and gross motor abilities (Lester and Russell 2008). Psychologist Jane Healys study shows that physical play is essential for those children who live in inadequate environment (Healy, J. in Schroeder, K., 2007. Vol 72, iss 5; pg 73-74). Active play is associated with gross motor skills. It is a known fact that physical activities during play promote a number of health benefits including organ growth and muscle building. It is also said that through physical activities, the child understands and listens to his peers ideas while this creates roots of democracy (Gerhardt, 1976; p. 258) and help child develop a perception of friendship which will also help him solve emotional problems (Saracho, 1998; p.240; Lillard, 1998; p. 14). For years, therapists have used play therapy as an intermediat e for helping children with emotional problems. The use of Play in therapy Play therapy is based on Freuds theories where he implies that play becomes the mirror to the subconscious (Moyles J.R., 1994; pg90). Play therapy is used with children from special areas, especially with children with disabilities or post-traumatic stress (Porter, M.L., Hernandez-Reif, M., Jessee, P., 2009, v179 n8 p1025-1040). The way the child plays is a reflection of his unconsciousness, since through play the child expresses his deepest conflicts which may be the root of his present condition (Manning and Sharp 1977 p. 13). In addition to this, they highlighted how children suffering from stress would find interacting with others difficult and state that. children cannot learn effectively unless they maintain their emotional and social equilibrium. It is within play, that children come to terms with their own lives, and develop the ability to cope with stressful situations (Smith, 2000; Bruce, 2001). The therapist uses psychoanalytic techniques together with play to help childre n with certain conditions, express and overcome the feelings of fear, anger or stress (Smith, 2000; Bruce, 2001). This is not just beneficial for children with emotional problems but also for children with other diverse special needs. The importance of play for children with special needs As mentioned in other paragraphs, play may enhance various skills, facilitate academic learning and be used as a therapy for all children (Myck-Wayne, J., 2010 Vol 13, n 4 p. 14-23). An equally noteworthy benefit of play is, helping children with special needs (Tuominen, W., 2005, Vol 35 Iss.10; pg 77). During play, peers serve as role models and these children learn to socialise and interact with others at school and in their community (Tsao, L., McCabe, H., 2010, Vol 13 n 4 p 24-35). Similarly, play can also promote interpersonal skills through observational learning and imitation ( Mastrangelo, S., 2009, Vol 42 n1, p 34-44). When play is integrated with music, drama, puppetry, miming and drawing, it will meet the needs of all the childs developmental areas namely, communication, physical, cognitive, social, emotion and adaptive development (Darrow, A. 2011, Vol 24 n 2 p.28). Having considered all this, one has to conclude that since the establishment of Froebels kindergarten, and Steiners ideology it has been recognised that play and expressive arts are the most suitable way in which all children learn and develop (Pinar, 1998; p. 167) ANNA CONTINUE FROM HERE 10 3. 11 The benefits of play and creative arts insert all referen page 31 from anna Play and arts have been a part of early childhood programmes since the establishment of the kindergarten by Froebel, and subsequently integrated in the early childhood curriculum of other theorists-educators (Saracho et al., 1998; p.4). insert There are no studies that suggest that growth, development, or learning are nurtured by a serious climate (Tyler, 1976; p.241). A classroom is meant to be full of playful learning or creative play (Tyler, 1976; p.241) and any school curriculum should be tailored to increase pupils enjoyment of learning (Guidance for Curriculum Managers in England, 1999; in Silcock et al., 2001; p.42). These statements augur that the teacher determines the creativity of play and expressive arts in a classroom (Tyler, 1976; p.238). Expressive arts have always held an important position in early childhood education. The kindergarten of Froebel, and Steiners ideology which introduced children to a variety of playing activities, began a long tradition of including expressive art in the learning programme. (Nutbrown. C., etc check_ and insert in ref_ This powerful relationship between art and play help the child to strip away rules and restrictions. Children are keen to explore and experiment with materials; they are sure to find drawing, painting, singing, miming, puppetry and modelling intriguing and gratifying experiences (Seefeldt, 1976b; p.177). Insert Review of the research and writings point out the interaction between play and art and see it as a developmental link which is exercised by the child whereas through play and arts, children develop the ability to cope with the world and cultivate their creativity. (Sarachao et al. 1998, p.8) insert Similarly Freud (1959; p. 143,144) believed that there is a spec ific link between childhood play and creative arts: should we not look for the first traces of imaginative activity as early as in childhood? Might we not say that every child at play behaves like a creative writer, in that he creates a world of his own, or, rather, re-arranges the things of his world in a new way which pleases him? These interactive activities are important factors to the development of the whole child enhancing the cognitive and psychomotor development (Wood et al., 1996; p.75). Getting acquainted to the arts enriches their cognitive development (Wood et al., 1996; p.143). Insert and it also enables the child to identify, observe, discover, recall and compare; judge and imagine (Shelley, 1976; p.205). INSERT It also helps the child manifest his emotional skills (Tyler, 1976; p.233). insert It reveals the unity of learning and cognitive development (Wood et al., 1996; p. 143). insert Recent research has shown that involvement in role play positively correlated with later success on tasks of mental representation (Kavanough et al., 1998; p,94). Insert In role-play, creativity and imagination are both important procedures which help to direct, influence and generate the complexity of the activity. (Wood et al.,1996; p.147). This author continues to sustain that the roles children create, do not j ust involve actions and speech, they also generate feeling states which link both affective and cognitive processes. Similarly, music can also be included with joyful learning. When children clap, count or sing to themselves, they demonstrate the sensor motor intelligence where the repetition of action, guides the repetition of word or thought (Shelley, 1976; p.205). INSERT Eisner, (1979) Insert argues that, far from being a fringe activity, artistic expression makes its own unique contribution to the process of learning and in the childs more general cognitive development (Blenkin et al., 1981; p. 188, 189). INSERT But however, as in many areas of childhood the subject of how a child learns and develops is full of debates. As in the case of play-based learning, there appears to be a tendency that policy-makers and parents sometimes, view creative arts in class as unimportant and not completely academically beneficial to the development of the child (Moelock, Bown, Morrissey, 2003, p.41). But this is not always the case as this research on policies and curriculum standpoints in various countries demonstrated. insert from file. Policy and curriculum standpoints about play and creative activities in nursery schools Following Steiner, Frebel, Piaget and other pioneers, play nowadays is an integral issue of the curriculum in an English nursery school. The English Curriculum encourages self-initiated free play in an exploratory environment (Hurst, 1997; Curtis, 1998). Yet one should also point out that Piagets theory somehow influenced the present Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS, 2007) INSERT FROM LAST ASSIGNMENT curriculum, as this pursues a stage and age approach to learning and hands on activity or play. In a similar manner, Froebel (in Brehony, K. J. 2001. 6 vols) states that creative play is the work of the child and an essential part of the educational process. By the 1960s play activities had been officially approved in the UK as this extract from the Plowden Report (C.A.C.E., 1967, p.193) indicates: We know now that play in the sense of messing about either with material objects or with other children, and of creating fantasies is vital in school. Adults who criticise teachers for allowing children to play are unaware that play is the principal means of development in early childhood. It clearly implies that free play is the best method of development in the childs early years. At the same time it states that: in play, children gradually develop concepts of causal relationships, the power to discriminate, to make judgements, to analyze and synthesize, to imagine and formulate. The Birth to Three guidance documents also reminds educators that children need to explore with all their senses. There have been many debates about the education of young children in recent years, mainly due to the implementation of policies such as Supporting Families (Home Office, 1998), as well as initiatives such as the National Childcare Strategy and Sure Start (Pugh, 2005). However, a review of research and theory reveals that play faces the problem of not being recognised within the curriculum. Studies also state that the commonly-held view that early teachers encouraged learning through play was more myth than reality (Wood et al., 1996; p.5). Continuous policy changes and the constant increase of the material surplus in the curriculum appear to conflict play (Bell, 2001; p.141). Policy-makers are still faced with many dilemmas in the way they conceptualize play with its relationship to learning. The President of Alliance for Childhood, Joan Almon in Schroeder (2007, Vol.72, Iss. 5; pg 73-74) argues that policy makers are not fully aware of the importance of play. Political issues suffocate the possibility of early learning experience and emphasise on formal methods of academic learning (Schroeder, 2007, Vol.72, Iss. 5; pg 73-74). With increased emphasis on academic skills, creative activities have become blurred (Leoeng, D. J., Bodrova, E., 2005, Vol.13, Iss. 1; pg.37). Young children may not have the ability to learn from any formal instruction, but learn through social interaction, creative play and exploration (Dockett, Perry, 2002, Vol.3 No 1., pp 68-69). Similar views are expressed by Raban (2002, Vol.26 (3), pp. 7- 8) who states that: pedagogy in early years settings has become more formal, not least, for example, as a result of doubt about the expectations of Ofsted inspectors and the impact of initiatives such as the Literacy Hour. Play and art activities are being segregated from school as play is being given the implication that it is something supplementary. Reeves from The Guardian (2002, p .13) implements that: trends in education policy are making things worse. The national curriculum is inflexibly enforced, is like an unreasonable edict from head office. The testing virus is out of control and emphasis is given to proper subjects such as maths and science, while art, music and drama are further downgraded. Myra Barrs (2002), the author of the article Best for Bambini recognises the atmosphere of pressure which exists in the introduction of formal education at a very young age. She insists that the obsession of policy makers to begin formal education at a young age impose pre-school testing and assessments. Noting the compelling nature of this article this question remains controversial. While most early years organisations are in agreement that children should not start formal teaching at an early age, there are many others, who see an early start of formal education as a childs potential advantage in todays competitive world. A view that contradicts this is articulated by Dockett, et al., (2002 Vol. 3, No 1. pp. 68-69) who contends that : children under the age of four or five may not have fully developed the cognitive and social skills that facilitate learning from formal instruction. Such research has led some to question the value of formal education at an early age and to suggest that a focus on social interaction, play and exploration might be more valuable. In an article by Henderson, in The Times (1999, p. 12) relates that studies in educational achievement show that Italy and other European countries where the statutory education starts at six or seven surpass those children who start formal learning at a younger age. A further research on this literature revealed that in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland although children are encouraged to learn through free play and not taught any reading or writing until they reach the age of seven, score in the top ten for reading standards (Synodi, E., 2010, v18 n3 p185-200) This approach is also similar in Hungary, Switzerland and Austria where there are strict guidelines not to start on literacy and numeracy until the age of six and seven. These too do twice as well in reading tests than children who are exhibited to formal teaching at a young age. (Henderson,1999, p.12). In Singapores educational policy, academic skills are given much attention and many parents are still uncertain of a play-centred curriculum. As a result, children are deprived of free play and many children have not acquired social skills (Tan et al, 1997). file write in full Similarly in Malta, adults view play and arts not so important to the academic development of the children (The Times of Malta, Editorial supplement 2001). Insert Children start pre-school at the age of four where the main aim is to prepare them for more formal instructions in grade one class. It is also understood that the main aim of the curriculum in the kindergarten level is to enhance the holistic developme nt of the child where each area of childs development is considered important (The National Minimum Curriculum.1999, pgs 34, 35). The N.M.C. document of the Maltese Ministry of Education considers play as a natural process and recognizes it as the key pedagogical means. (N.M.C. 1999, p.76). Creativity definitely enjoys privileged significance throughout the N.M.C. document. In formulating the document, creativity is not only linked to the expressive arts, it is also identified as the driving force that should aid the teacher in devising classroom curricula. In the introductory message of the document the Minister of Education state: The process (of change) will be one of creative changes in each school and with each teacher as they develop their own more detailed syllabus, resources and methods guided and inspired by this document. (NMC. 1999, p.6) Despite the previous arguments there are many reasons to think that play is the most valid way in which children learn and develop (Pinar, 1998; p.167). Major issues and debates It can be seen from the above analysis that psychologists and educators have demonstrated that play is unquestionably part and parcel of life of a growing and developing child. Nevertheless wrong concepts of play remain a growing problem. Cultural issues, socio-economic issues, and educational policies of a society could influence adults perception towards the value and purpose of play. This analysis, unfortunately, implies why parents presume that children are not learning anything worthwhile if they are just playing. Parents perceive that play in itself serves no productive purpose and does not work towards any particular goal (Moyles, 1991, pp.10). As a result many parents believe that making children learn at a young age will help them succeed at school (Schroeder, K., 2007. Vol 72, iss 5; pg 73-74) and that the knowledge of the alphabet and counting numbers are more important (Ashiabi, G.S., 2007, Vol.35, no 2 pgs 19-205). Piaget often argued that play is often neglected by adul ts because they think it has no significant function (Piaget and Inhelder, 1969). DISS sarah Insert According to Broinowski ,(cited in Bloch and Pellegrini 1989, pp.17-19) he remarks that free play of childhood is at risk. At the same time he expresses his worries when he implies that children are being hurried to grow up and are growing up without childhood. Parents and educators have raised their academic expectations for their children so, play, and do not contribute towards to the childrens academic development. In this sense they send them to various organised extra curriculum activities (Bloch and Pellegrini, 1989, pp. 28-29, Chudacof 2007). Although these structured activities can enhance and have a